IEB Oral Exam
Preparation Dashboard

Focused on your synopsis about the partnership between Novo Nordisk and OpenAI, while preparing you for broader questions across the full Information Economics & Business curriculum.

Core Lens

Digital strategy, platforms, AI governance

Main Case

Novo Nordisk x OpenAI

Exam Focus

Theory depth and case synthesis

Course Sessions & Likely Oral Exam Connections

Session 1: Digitalization, AI & Data

How do digital operating models, data, and AI change competitive advantage?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Digitization vs. digitalization
  • AI as prediction
  • Data as strategic asset
  • Scale, scope & learning moats

Connection to Your Synopsis

Explains why Novo uses AI to lower prediction costs in drug discovery and build faster data-driven learning loops.

Examiner-Style Questions

What distinguishes digitization from digitalization?
Why is data not automatically a source of advantage?
How do scale, scope, and learning create a digital moat?

Session 2: Network Effects & Digital Markets

How do network effects, platforms, and positive feedback reshape digital competition?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Direct, indirect & data network effects
  • Critical mass
  • Platform governance
  • Winner-take-all dynamics

Connection to Your Synopsis

Useful for assessing whether OpenAI's ecosystem creates platform dependency and switching costs for Novo.

Examiner-Style Questions

What is the difference between direct and indirect network effects?
Why do digital markets tip?
Could OpenAI become a strategic dependency for Novo?

Session 3: Pricing & Revenue Models

How should firms capture value from digital products, services, and platforms?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Digital product classification
  • Price discrimination
  • Versioning & bundling
  • Platform launch pricing

Connection to Your Synopsis

Useful for discussing how AI vendors monetize enterprise services and how lock-in can create future pricing power.

Examiner-Style Questions

Why is granularity important for digital pricing?
How does versioning create self-selection?
When should a digital firm use penetration pricing?

Session 4: Dynamic Capabilities & Digital Agility

How do firms reconfigure resources under AI-driven uncertainty?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Ordinary vs. dynamic capabilities
  • Sensing, seizing, transforming
  • Agility vs. efficiency
  • AI as organizing capability

Connection to Your Synopsis

Central lens for explaining Novo's OpenAI partnership as sensing, seizing, and transforming under deep uncertainty.

Examiner-Style Questions

How is a dynamic capability different from an ordinary capability?
Why is agility costly?
Why is AI an organizing capability, not just a tool?

Session 5: Strategy Formulation & Managerial Cognition

How does digital transformation challenge managerial cognition?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Strategic search
  • Managerial cognition
  • Digital enactment systems
  • AI decision redistribution

Connection to Your Synopsis

Explains how managers search, interpret AI disruption, and redistribute decisions between humans and algorithms.

Examiner-Style Questions

How do search mechanisms shape strategy?
How can digital enactment replace human decision processes?
What happens when AI redistributes decision rights?

Session 6: Smart Data & Digital Strategy

How does competition change with connected products?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • AI factory
  • Smart connected products
  • Datafication
  • Value-chain transformation

Connection to Your Synopsis

Useful for discussing AI-enabled R&D, smart data, and how digital operating models transform the pharma value chain.

Examiner-Style Questions

What is the AI factory?
How do connected products reshape competition?
How should incumbents respond to AI collision?

Session 7: Platforms & Organizing

How do platforms coordinate work, ecosystems, and market participants?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Sharing economy models
  • Boundary fluidity
  • Digital operating models
  • Algorithmic labor

Connection to Your Synopsis

Useful for analyzing OpenAI as part of an ecosystem and for discussing algorithmic management in digital work.

Examiner-Style Questions

How do sharing platforms coordinate outside firm boundaries?
What is boundary fluidity?
How does algorithmic management create information asymmetry?

Session 8: Transaction Costs & Digital Transactions

How does digitalization change make-or-buy decisions and transaction costs?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Williamson's TCT
  • Asset specificity
  • Move to the middle
  • Electronic market hypothesis

Connection to Your Synopsis

Explains why Novo may partner with OpenAI rather than fully internalize AI development, while still facing lock-in and monitoring costs.

Examiner-Style Questions

How does asset specificity affect the make-or-buy decision?
Why did electronic markets not replace firms?
Why might hybrid governance fit Novo and OpenAI?

Session 9: Algorithmic Decision-Making & Trust

How do organizations evaluate algorithmic alternatives?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Principal-agent theory
  • Adverse selection & moral hazard
  • Algorithmic opacity
  • Institution-based trust

Connection to Your Synopsis

Highly relevant for evaluating AI vendors, validating model outputs, and governing black-box systems in pharma.

Examiner-Style Questions

Why is AI delegation a principal-agent problem?
What are the three types of algorithmic opacity?
How should managers evaluate algorithmic alternatives?

Session 10: Ethics & Responsibility

What responsibilities arise from digital scale, AI bias, labor effects, and environmental costs?

Oral relevance: High

Core Concepts

  • Ethics of scale, scope & learning
  • Algorithmic bias
  • GenAI hallucinations
  • AI environment, labor & responsibility

Connection to Your Synopsis

Important for discussing patient data, biased clinical evidence, hallucinated scientific claims, labor effects, and AI's resource footprint.

Examiner-Style Questions

How does digital scale create new ethical responsibilities?
How should managers respond to the jagged frontier?
Should Novo be responsible for its AI partner's ethics?

Weaknesses the Examiner May Attack

Your synopsis is broad

The paper discusses many organizational implications of AI without narrowing down to a sharply defined strategic problem.

Theory integration may be challenged

You mention several themes. The examiner may ask how the theories connect rather than simply coexist.

Limited empirical depth

Your case relies heavily on announcements and strategic expectations rather than observable outcomes.

Causality may be questioned

Be careful claiming AI will necessarily improve efficiency or innovation. The examiner may push you on evidence.

Strong Model Answers

Why is dynamic capabilities theory relevant here?

Because the case concerns how Novo Nordisk adapts to technological disruption under conditions of uncertainty. The issue is not only owning resources, but the ability to sense AI opportunities, seize them through partnerships, and transform organizational processes.

Why partner instead of building AI internally?

Transaction cost theory and capability gaps both matter. OpenAI already possesses specialized AI competences, infrastructure, and learning capabilities that would be extremely costly and slow for Novo to replicate internally.

What strategic risks exist in the partnership?

Dependency on external AI providers, data governance risks, algorithmic opacity, regulatory concerns, and potential erosion of internal capabilities if too much knowledge creation is outsourced.

Rapid-Fire Oral Exam Practice

Synopsis Defense

Why did you choose Novo Nordisk and OpenAI as your case?
What is your main argument in the synopsis?
What exactly is the strategic problem you are analyzing?
Why are dynamic capabilities the most appropriate theoretical lens?
What are the limitations of your analysis?

Theory Application

Apply transaction cost theory to the partnership.
Explain how AI changes competitive advantage in pharma.
How does the partnership relate to platform economics?
Could Novo become dependent on OpenAI? Why?
How would RBV interpret this partnership differently from dynamic capabilities?

Critical Discussion

What could go wrong with AI adoption in pharma?
What assumptions does your argument rely on?
Are there ethical concerns related to AI-driven drug discovery?
Could AI reduce rather than strengthen competitive advantage?
How sustainable is this strategy long-term?

Most Important Strategic Advice

1. Move from Description to Analysis

Your synopsis currently spends substantial space describing AI trends and the partnership itself. During the oral exam, you must continuously explain WHY these developments matter strategically.

2. Tie Every Point to Theory

Avoid generic statements like "AI improves efficiency." Instead say: "From a dynamic capabilities perspective, AI enables faster sensing and resource reconfiguration."

3. Expect Cross-Session Questions

The examiner will likely move beyond your exact synopsis and ask broader questions about platforms, transaction costs, data strategy, algorithmic trust, and ethics.

4. Show Critical Reflection

High grades usually require discussing trade-offs and limitations. You should be able to explain both the strategic opportunities and the risks of AI adoption.